Cárie na primeira infância, má oclusão, fatores psicossociais e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal de crianças e suas famílias / Early childhood caries, malocclusion, psychosocial factors and oral health-related quality of life in children and their families

Cárie na primeira infância (CPI) e má oclusão podem afetar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) de crianças e suas famílias. Fatores psicossociais relacionados às crianças, suas famílias e comunidade na qual estão inseridas devem ser estudados. Diante disso, os objetivos desta tese foram: 1) verificar a associação entre fatores psicossociais associados à CPI e à QVRSB em pré-escolares e suas famílias (Artigo 1); 2) avaliar o impacto da mordida aberta anterior (MAA) e da mordida profunda (MP) na QVRSB de préescolares, e verificar o papel da resiliência parental como um fator moderador nessa associação (Artigo 2). Foi realizado um estudo transversal representativo com pré-escolares de 4-6 anos de idade e seus pais/responsáveis em Ribeirão das Neves, MG, Brasil. Os pais/responsáveis responderam às versões brasileiras do Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) e Escala de Resiliência, e um questionário com dados socioeconômicos e de comportamento de saúde bucal da criança. Os pré-escolares foram examinados por duas dentistas treinadas e calibradas para o diagnóstico de CPI e consequências pulpares de lesões cariosas não tratadas (Kappa>0,95), utilizando-se a versão epidemiológica do International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASepi) combinado com o índice pufa e, assim categorizados: sem cárie, estágio inicial (opacidade notável/pigmentação retida em fundo de fóssulas e fissuras), estágio moderado (cavitação em esmalte/sombreamento em dentina subjacente), estágio extenso sem consequências pulpares (cavitação com exposição dentinária) e estágio extenso com consequências pulpares (cavitação com exposição dentinária, com envolvimento pulpar e/ou presença de fístulas/abscessos). A presença de MAA e MP foi avaliada através do índice de Foster e Hamilton. Os dados foram analisados por meio da modelagem por equações estruturais, utilizando-se o software Mplus, versão 8.6 (Artigo 1) e por meio da análise de moderação, utilizando-se o PROCESS (PROCESS for SPSS, version 3.4) (Artigo 2). Os resultados do artigo 1 demonstraram que menor status socioeconômico (ß =-0,250; p<0,001) e maior frequência de consumo de açúcares livres (ß=0,122; p=0,033) foram associados diretamente com estágio extenso de cárie com consequência pulpar, enquanto menor resiliência dos pais impactou indiretamente estágios mais avançados da CPI, por meio da variável frequência de consumo de açúcares livres (ß =-0,089; p=0,048). Além disso, CPI foi associada com piores escores tanto da QVRSB da criança (b=0,587; p<0,001) quanto da família (ß =0,506; p<0,001). Os resultados do artigo 2 demonstraram que préescolares filhos de pais com baixa resiliência, e que possuíam MAA apresentaram impacto negativo na QVRSB (ß:3,95;p=0,025) em comparação àqueles que apresentaram oclusão normal. A resiliência parental não atuou como fator moderador na associação entre MP e QVRSB (p>0,05). Conclui-se que quanto maior a gravidade da CPI, maior o impacto negativo na QVRSB de pré-escolares e suas famílias. Os principais fatores associados à CPI mais grave foram menor nível socioeconômico, maior frequência de consumo de açúcar livre e menor resiliência parental (Artigo 1). MAA interferiu negativamente na QVRSB dos pré-escolares, sendo essa associação mais forte quando a resiliência parental era baixa. Portanto, a resiliência dos pais atuou como fator moderador na relação entre MAA e QVRSB (Artigo 2).

Early childhood caries (ECC) and malocclusion can affect the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children and families. Psychosocial factors related to children, their families and the community in which they are inserted must be studied. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were: 1) to verify the association between psychosocial factors with ECC and OHRQoL in preschoolers and their families (Manuscript #1); 2) to evaluate the impact of anterior open bite (AOB) and deep bite (DB) on the OHRQoL of preschool children and the role of parental resilience as a moderating factor in such association (Manuscript #2). A representative crosssectional study was carried out with 4-to-6-year-old preschoolers and their parents/caregivers from Ribeirão das Neves, MG, Brazil. Parents/caregivers selfadministered the Brazilian versions of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Resilience Scale, as well as a questionnaire about socioeconomic and child's oral health behavior data. Preschoolers were examined by two trained and calibrated dentists for the diagnosis of ECC and pulpal consequences of untreated carious lesions (Kappa>0.95), using the epidemiological version of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASepi) index combined with the pufa index: no caries, early stage (notable opacity/retained pigmentation in the background of pits and fissures), moderate stage (cavitation in enamel/shading in underlying dentin), extensive stage without pulpal consequences (cavitation with dentin exposure) and extensive stage with pulpal consequences (cavitation with dentin exposure, and pulp involvement and/or fistulas/abscesses). The presence of AOB and DB were evaluated using the Foster and Hamilton index. Data were analysed through Structural Equation Model (SEM), using the Mplus software, version 8.6 (Manuscript #1) and through moderation analysis, using PROCESS (PROCESS for SPSS, version 3.4) (Manuscript #2). The results of the Manuscript #1 demonstrated that lower socioeconomic status (b=-0.250; p<0.001) and higher frequency of consumption of free sugars (ß=0.122; p=0.033) were directly associated with an extensive stage of caries with pulpal consequences, while lower parental resilience indirectly impacted more advanced stages of ECC, through the variable frequency of consumption of free sugars (b=-0.089; p=0.048). In addition, ECC was associated with worse scores in both the child's (ß=0.587; p<0.001) and the family's (ß=0.506; p<0.001) OHRQoL. The results of the Manuscript #2 demonstrated that preschoolers whose parents presented low resilience, and preschoolers who presented OAB, had a negative impact on OHRQoL (ß:3.95; p=0.025) compared to those who had normal occlusion. Parental resilience did not act as a moderating factor in the association between DB and OHRQoL (p>0.005). It is concluded that the severity of ECC negatively impacted the OHRQoL of preschoolers and their families, and the main factors associated with the severity of ECC were lower socioeconomic status, higher frequency of free sugar consumption and lower parental resilience (Manuscript #1). OAB negatively interfered with the OHRQoL of preschoolers, with this association being stronger when parental resilience was low. Therefore, parental resilience acted as a moderating factor in the relationship between OAB and OHRQoL (Manuscript # 2).

Muito além do trauma: uma investigação sobre o papel das reações peritraumáticas sobre o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático / Beyond the trauma: an investigation of the role of peritraumatic reactions on posttraumatic stress disorder

O Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) é uma condição debilitante que impacta significativamente a qualidade de vida dos seus portadores. Dentre vários fatores de risco para o TEPT, as reações peritraumáticas (RP), como a imobilidade tônica peritraumática (ITP), dissociação (DP) e reações físicas de pânico (RFP), estão entre as mais investigadas. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos avaliou essas RP separadamente, e o elo entre elas e o TEPT ainda não foi bem compreendido. Portanto, essa tese teve como objetivos: (i) estimar simultaneamente o efeito das três RP sobre o TEPT utilizando um instrumento validado; e (ii) avaliar se há efeito indireto da ITP sobre o TEPT mediado pelo sentimento de culpa/vergonha. Utilizamos modelagem de equações estruturais para analisar dados de 3211 participantes do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tratamos as RP como variáveis latentes, selecionando desconfundidores específicos para cada reação. Nossas exposições foram as RP, sendo TEPT o desfecho. Calculamos odds ratios e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Utilizamos o Bayesian Information Criterion para comparar o ajuste de modelos não aninhados. Quando analisadas separadamente, todas as RP alcançaram significância estatística. No entanto, apenas DP (ORDP=1,8; IC95%:1,3-2,4) e RFP (ORRFP=2,5; IC95%:1,8-3,4) permaneceram estatisticamente significativas quando incluímos as três reações em um modelo com seus respectivos desconfundidores e correlações entre elas. Os resultados sugeriram um possível efeito da ITP sobre o TEPT (ORITP=1,4; IC95%:1,0-1,9). As interações entre as RP não foram estatisticamente significativas. Ao investigarmos o sentimento de culpa/vergonha como mediador entre ITP e TEPT, o efeito indireto alcançou apenas significância estatística limítrofe (ORITP(TNIE)=1,1; IC95%:1,0-1,2). Os efeitos direto (ORITP(PNDE)=1,3; IC95%: 0,8-1,8) e total (ORITP(TE)=1,4; IC95%:0,9-1,9) para ITP perderam significância quando todas as RP, seus desconfundidores e correlações entre elas fizeram parte do mesmo modelo. As demais RP, no entanto, permaneceram estatisticamente significativas (ORDP=1,7; IC95%:1,3-2,3 e ORRFP=2,5; IC95%:1,8-3,4). Nossos resultados mostraram que a DP e as RFP aumentaram o risco de TEPT mesmo quando consideradas em conjunto. A ITP pode ter efeito sobre o risco de TEPT, mas esse achado deve ser interpretado com cautela devido a significância limítrofe dessa RP em nosso modelo final. Também não identificamos uma mediação significativa entre ITP e TEPT pelos sentimentos de culpa/vergonha. Contudo, a significância limítrofe encontrada para o efeito indireto demanda investigações adicionais. Nossos achados reforçam a ideia de que as reações peritraumáticas devem ser analisadas e compreendidas como ocorrências simultâneas. Também seria oportuno que estudos envolvendo culpa/vergonha, ITP e TEPT focalizassem traumas caracterizados por aprisionamento e impossibilidade de escapar, dado que estas experiências são apontadas como mais susceptíveis para desencadear a ITP. (AU)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that greatly impacts quality of life. Among several PTSD risk factors, peritraumatic reactions (PR) such as peritraumatic tonic immobility (PTI), dissociation (PD) and physical panic reactions (PPR) are some of the most investigated. However, several studies have assessed these PR separately, and the pathway connecting them to PTSD is not well understood. Therefore, this thesis aimed to: (i) simultaneously estimate the effect of the three PR on PTSD using a validated instrument; and (ii) assess if there is an indirect effect of PTI on PTSD mediated by feelings of guilt/shame. We used structural equation modelling to analyse data from 3211 participants from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. We treated the PR as latent variables and selected specific confounders for each reaction. Our exposures were the PR, and PTSD was the outcome. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each analysis. We also employed the Bayesian Information Criterion to compare the goodness of fit between non-nested models. Separately, all PR achieved statistically significant results. However, only PD (ORPD=1.8; 95%CI:1.3-2.4) and PPR (ORPPR=2.5; 95%CI:1.8-3.4) remained statistically significant when all three were included in a model with their respective confounders and correlations among all PR. Our findings suggested a possible effect of PTI on PTSD (ORPTI=1.4; 95%CI:1.0-1.9). Interactions between the PR were not statistically significant. When we investigated feelings of guilt/shame as the mediator between PTI and PTSD, the indirect effect achieved a borderline statistical significance (ORPTI(TNIE)=1.1; 95%CI:1.0-1.2). Direct (ORPTI(PNDE)=1.3; 95%CI:0.8-1.8) and total (ORPTI(TE)=1.4; 95%CI:0.9-1.9) effects lost their significance when all PR, their confounders and correlations were included in the same model. The other PR remained statistically significant (ORPD=1.7; 95%CI:1.3-2.3 and ORPPR=2.5; 95%CI:1.8-3.4). Our findings showed PD and PPR to increase the risk of PTSD even when considered in tandem. PTI could have an effect on PTSD, but this must be considered cautiously, as this PR only reached borderline significance in our final model. Feelings of guilt/shame did not significantly mediate PTI's effect on PTSD. However, a borderline statistical significance in the indirect effects warrants further investigation. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that peritraumatic reactions should be analysed and understood as simultaneous occurrences, not as separate entities. It would also be appropriate for studies concerning guilt/shame, PTI and PTSD to focus on traumas characterized by imprisonment and feelings of inescapability, given that these experiences are allegedly more likely to trigger PTI. (AU)

Sentido do trabalho e cultura organizacional: análise com professores brasileiros e argentinos / Sense of work and organizational culture: analysis with Brazilian and Argentine professors / Sentido del trabajo y cultura organizacional: análisis con profesores brasileños y argentines

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar diferenças e similaridades entre sentido do trabalho e cultura organizacional na percepção de docentes brasileiros e argentinos do ensino superior. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter exploratório e abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 354 docentes universitários de instituições públicas, sendo 154 do oeste da Argentina e 200 do sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a Escala do Trabalho com Sentido e o Instrumento Brasileiro para Avaliação da Cultura Organizacional, na versão em português e adaptadas e/ou validadas para a língua espanhola. Para comparar e testar as hipóteses da pesquisa, propôs-se um modelo estrutural por meio de equações estruturais parciais baseado em análises multigrupo. Identificou-se que a percepção do sentido do trabalho relaciona-se com elementos culturais da organização e com as experiências dos sujeitos, configurando-se como uma construção social. Por meio da análise das hipóteses identificouse que há mais aproximações do que diferenças nas percepções desses profissionais, visto que das doze hipóteses testadas, os dados apontaram desacordo em apenas duas delas.

His paper aims to verify differences and similarities between the meaning of work and organisational culture in the perception of Brazilian and Argentinean higher education teachers. It is an exploratory study with a quantitative approach. The participants were 354 professors from public universities, 154 from western Argentina and 200 from southern Brazil. The Meaningful Work Scale and the Brazilian Instrument for the Evaluation of Organisational Culture were used (Portuguese version) adapted or validated for the Spanish. A structural model was proposed Using partial structural equations based on multigroup analysis to compare and test the hypotheses. The perception of the meaning of work is related to cultural elements of the organisation and the experiences of the subjects configured as a social construction. The analysis identified that there are more similarities than differences in the perceptions of these professionals since of the twelve hypotheses tested, the data showed disagreement in only two of them.

El objetivo de este trabajo es verificar diferencias y similitudes entre el significado del trabajo y la cultura organizacional en la percepción de los docentes de educación superior brasileños y argentinos. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo. Participaron 354 profesores universitarios de instituciones públicas, 154 del occidente argentino y 200 del sur de Brasil. Se utilizaron la Escala de Trabajo Significativo y el Instrumento Brasileño de Evaluación de la Cultura Organizacional, en versión portuguesa y adaptados y/o validados para el idioma español. Para comparar y probar las hipótesis de la investigación, se propuso un modelo estructural utilizando ecuaciones estructurales parciales basadas en análisis multigrupo. Se identificó que la percepción del significado del trabajo se relaciona con elementos culturales de la organización y las vivencias de los sujetos, configurándose como una construcción social. A través del análisis de las hipótesis, se identificó que existen más aproximaciones que diferencias en las percepciones de estos profesionales ya que, de las doce hipótesis probadas, los datos mostraron desacuerdo en solo dos de ellas.

Validation and dimensional analysis of the eating behaviour pattern questionnaire among Malaysian university students

@#Introduction: Eating behaviour pattern is among the key behavioural factors that contribute to eating disorders. Hence, to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Eating Behaviour Pattern Questionnaire (EBPQ) that is used in epidemiological studies to measure the relationship between health outcomes and eating behaviour patterns, this study aimed to validate the adopted version of the EBPQ and to check the validity and reliability of this tool in University of Malaya, Malaysia. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the most appropriate factor structure of EBPQ. Moreover, structural equation modelling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of EBPQ. As for the participants of the study, multi-stage random sampling was used and 200 students (109 females and 91 males) from University of Malaya were chosen. Results: The EFA yielded nine components of EBPQ including emotional eating, eating outside, cultural habit, low-fat eating, meal skipping, snacking, healthy eating, planning for food and sweets, which explained 67.7% of the total variance. Furthermore, the Cronbach’s α was about 0.8 for all components, which exhibited a high internal consistency among the obtained components. The results showed that the questionnaire had sufficient convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusion: The EBPQ was proven to be a reliable tool to measure the eating behaviour patterns in Malaysian university students. The presence of adequate validity and reliability supports this instrument’s psychometric properties for future studies.

Are Psychological Beliefs built on the Ideology of Early Christian Fathers? / ¿Se basan las Creencias Psicológicas en la Ideología de los Padres de la Iglesia Cristiana Temprana?

Abstract The aims of the present study were to investigate the relationship between: a) Patristic ideology and mentalist and behaviorist beliefs, and b) the relationship between mentalist and behaviorist beliefs and cognitive, neuropsychological and interbehavioral beliefs. The beliefs were assessed through an instrument purposely built for this research. A sample composed of 284 university students of first-semester psychology (84 men and 200 women; mean ages M = 17.82 years, SD = 2.34, range 16-38 years) were enrolled. After performing structural equation modelling (SEM), results show that patristic ideology is not related to behaviorism (β = .09, p = .387), but it is related with mentalism (β = .26, p = .042), also the mentalism is related with cognitive beliefs (β = .72, p =.001) and neuropsychological beliefs (β = .87, p = .014), while behaviorism is related with interbehavioral beliefs (β = .42, p = .014). It was found that first-year psychology students show less acceptance of the early patristic ideology (M = 75.28), it is less successful than mentalism (M = 86.33). The conclusion is that mentalism, successor of Patristic ideology, continues to be related to cognitive and neuropsychological beliefs.

Resumen En este artículo se lleva a cabo primeramente una revisión teórica de filosofía, ciencia y psicología. Posteriormente, los orígenes de la psicología y sus creencias se analizan a partir de la historia de la antigua Grecia. Finalmente, se realiza una revisión de la ideología patrística y escolástica. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron investigar la relación entre: a) la ideología patrística y las creencias mentalistas y conductistas, y b) la relación entre las creencias mentalistas y conductistas y las creencias cognitivas, neuropsicológicas e interconductuales. Las creencias fueron evaluadas a través de un instrumento creado ex profeso para esta investigación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 284 estudiantes universitarios de psicología de primer semestre (84 hombres y 200 mujeres, edad media M = 17.82 años, SD = 2.34, rango 16-38 años). Después de realizar el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés), los resultados muestran que la ideología patrística no está relacionada con el conductismo (β = .09, p = .387), pero está relacionada con el mentalismo (β = .26, p = .042), también el mentalismo está relacionado con creencias cognitivas (β = .72, p = .001) y creencias neuropsicológicas (β = .87, p = .014), mientras que el conductismo está relacionado con creencias interconductuales (β = .42, p = .014 ) Se encuentra que los estudiantes de psicología de primer año muestran una menor aceptación de la ideología patrística temprana (M = 75.28), es menos exitoso que el mentalismo (M = 86.33). Sin embargo, a pesar de este descenso en prestigio, los estudiantes universitarios, quienes apenas han iniciado su carrera de psicología consideran a la ideología Patrística más creíble (M = 75.28) que el conductismo (M = 63.23). En otras palabras, aparentemente a estos estudiantes les parece más coherente creer que hay dos substancias incompatibles coexistiendo en uno mismo que aceptar que solo hay una. La conclusión es que el mentalismo, sucesor de la ideología patrística, sigue estando relacionado con las creencias cognitivas y neuropsicológicas.

Willingness to Forgive among Colombian Adults / Los determinantes del perdón entre colombianos adultos

Abstract We examined Colombian people's determinants of willingness to forgive. A sample of 104 adults was presented with 24 scenarios depicting a situation in which a medical error resulted in severe consequences for a patient. Four factors were manipulated in the scenarios: (a) the severity of consequences of the error (e.g., extremely severe, including the risk of death), (b) the degree of negligence associated with the physician's act, (c) apologies or contrition for the act from the physician (e.g., direct apologies at the bed of the patient), and (d) the patient's current health status (e.g., consequences fully canceled). Through cluster analysis, four qualitatively different positions were found: (a) never forgive, irrespective of circumstances (15% of the sample), (b) depends on the circumstances of the offense (55%), (c) almost always forgive (24%), and (d) undetermined (5%). As regards forgiveness, therefore, Colombians' views and practices were similar to people from other cultures' ones. If most participants in previous studies on Colombians' willingness to forgive expressed extreme positions -- either never forgive or always forgive, irrespective of circumstances, it was because they deliberately wished to express strong opinions regarding the proper treatment that, in their view, the violent people depicted in the scenarios - paramilitary, guerillas, and members of drug cartels - deserved.

Resumen Hemos examinado los determinantes del perdón en una muestra de 104 adultos colombianos, utilizando una técnica de escenarios. Cada escenario describía una situación de error médico que tuvo consecuencias graves para el paciente. Los factores manipulados en los escenarios eran: (a) la gravedad de las consecuencias (e.g., muy grave incluyendo el riesgo de muerte), (b) el nivel de negligencia por parte del médico, (c) la presencia de excusas o contrición por parte del médico (e.g., excusas personales frente al paciente en su cama del hospital), y (d) el estado de salud presente (e.g., el paciente ha vuelto a casa y las consecuencias han desaparecidas). A través de un análisis en clústeres, cuatro posiciones, cualitativamente distintas, fueron encontradas: (a) jamás perdonar, independientemente de las circunstancias (15% de la muestra), (b) depende de las circunstancias del daño ocurrido (55%), (c) casi siempre perdonar (24%), y (d) no sé (5%). En relación con el perdón entonces, los colombianos no difieren de las otras personas que pertenecen a otras culturas. Si en los estudios previos, la voluntad de los colombianos a personar ha sido tan escasa, esto se debe al contexto de posconflicto de estos estudios.

Equivalencia factorial de las versiones en español y portugués de un cuestionario de expectativas académicas / Factorial equivalence of the Spanish and Portuguese versions of a questionnaire of academic expectations

Resumen Este estudio presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre expectativas académicas de estudiantes universitarios de primer año de Enseñanza Superior (ES) pertenecientes al norte de Portugal y noroeste de España. Su objetivo es replicar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento utilizado obtenidas con una versión anterior del mismo. La muestra está integrada por 1.268 estudiantes de primer año de ES con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 52 años (Mdn = 18, siendo de más de 23 años el 7.4%). Proceden de la región noroeste de España 413 estudiantes (Galicia, Universidad de Vigo) y 855 de la región norte de Portugal (Minho, Universidade do Minho). El 58.1% del total de la muestra son mujeres. Por ámbito de estudio, el 58.4% cursa titulaciones del ámbito científico-tecnológico y los demás del ámbito jurídico-social. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Percepciones Académicas-Expectativas (CPA-E), estructurado en siete dimensiones: Formación para el empleo/carrera, Desarrollo personal y social, Movilidad estudiantil, Implicación político/ciudadana, Presión social, Calidad de formación e Interacción social. La invarianza del modelo factorial oblicuo del CPA-E fue testada con el LISREL 8.80 mediante el método bivariado latente normal y la estimación de máxima verosimilitud, con la corrección de Satorra y Bentler (1994). Todos los ítems representaron bien a sus respectivos factores y los factores mostraron una buena validez y fiabilidad para los países y el género. Se obtuvo, por tanto, invarianza factorial del modelo para los países y el género. Se asume una versión final del cuestionario común para España y Portugal, así como para mujeres y hombres.

Abstract We present the results of a study conducted with first-year students from the Euro-region of Galicia-North Portugal, with the aim of replicating the psychometric properties of the instrument as obtained from a prior version. Participants included 1268 first-year students with ages ranging from 17 to 52 years (Mdn = 18; 7.4% with ages above 23 years). Four-hundred and thirteen students are from the North Spanish region (Galicia, University of Minho) and 855 are from the North Portuguese region (Minho, University of Minho), and 58.1% of the students are women. Students are enrolled in scientific-technological courses (58.4%) and juridical-social studies. We administered the Academic Perceptions Questionnaire- Expectations (APQ-E), which is structured in seven dimensions: Training for career development, Personal and social development, Student mobility, Political engagement and citizenship, Social pressure, Training quality, and Social interaction. The invariance of the factorial model of the APQ-E was tested with LISREL 8.80, based on a bivariate latent model and maximum likelihood estimation, with Satorra and Bentler correction (1994). All items contributed to the representation of the factors, and the factors showed good validity and reliability for country and gender. Therefore, we obtained factorial invariance of the measurement model for country and gender. We present the final version of the common questionnaire for Portugal and Spain, and for women and men.

The Role of Negative Affect in the Assessment of Quality of Life among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of negative affect (defined in terms of lack of optimism, depressogenic attributional style, and hopelessness depression) on the quality of life of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Participants (n = 177) completed either an online or paper questionnaire made available to members of Australian diabetes support groups. Measures of optimism, attributional style, hopelessness depression, disease-specific data, and diabetes-related quality of life were sought. Bivariate correlations informed the construction of a structural equation model. RESULTS: Participants were 36.3±11.3 years old, with a disease duration of 18.4±11.2 years. Age and recent glycosylated hemoglobin readings were significant contextual variables in the model. All bivariate associations involving the components of negative affect were as hypothesized. That is, poorer quality of life was associated with a greater depressogenic attributional style, higher hopelessness depression, and lower optimism. The structural equation model demonstrated significant direct effects of depressogenic attributional style and hopelessness depression on quality of life, while (lack of) optimism contributed to quality of life indirectly by way of these variables. CONCLUSION: The recognition of negative affect presentations among patients, and an understanding of its relevance to diabetes-related quality of life, is a valuable tool for the practitioner.

Hot flushes and night sweats in midlife: why do some women have them and others do not? / Afrontamentos e suores noturnos na meia-idade: porque é que algumas mulheres os têm e outras não?

This study investigated what predicts the occurrence of hot flushes (HF) and night sweats (NS). A community sample of 992 women (42-60 years) answered a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic, health and menopause-related, as well as lifestyle information. Depressive mood and stress, as well as HF and NS (in terms of presence, frequency and intensity), were also assessed. Structural equation modelling was used to build a structural model to predict the occurrence of both vasomotor symptoms. Results: Stress predicted NS (ß =.154; p =.006), whereas depressive mood was linked to the occurrence of HF's (ß =.149; p =.006). Being peri-menopausal and post-menopausal, among several other characteristics, were also significant predictors of the occurrence of both HF and NS. This study supports a distinguished influence of stress and depressive mood in NS and HF respectively, probably due to the nature of psychological symptoms. Moreover, significant associations between vasomotor symptoms and socio-demographic, health and menopause-related characteristics, and alcohol were confirmed. (AU)

Este estudo investigou os preditores da ocorrência de afrontamentos (Af) e de suores noturnos (SN). Foi utilizada uma amostra comunitária de 992 mulheres (42-60 anos), que respondeu a um questionário para a recolha de informação sociodemográfica, de estado de saúde e menopausa, e sobre o estilo de vida. Os níveis de humor deprimido e estresse, tal como a ocorrência, frequência e intensidade dos Af e SN, foram avaliados. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para construir o modelo estrutural para predizer a ocorrência de ambos os sintomas vasomotores. Os resultados indicaram que estresse predisse os SN (ß =0,154; p =0,006), enquanto o humor deprimido associou-se à ocorrência de Af (ß =0,149; p =0,006). Estar na peri-menopausa ou na pós-menopausa, entre outras características, associou-se igualmente à ocorrência de Af e SN. Este estudo suporta uma influência diferenciada do estresse e do humor deprimido na ocorrência de SN e Af, respetivamente, provavelmente devido à natureza dos sintomas psicológicos. Adicionalmente confirmou-se uma associação significativa entre os sintomas vasomotores e características sociodemográficas, de saúde, de menopausa e consumo de álcool. (AU)

Satisfacción escolar y bienestar subjetivo en la adolescencia: poniendo a prueba indicadores para su medición comparativa en Brasil, Chile y España / Subjective well-being and school satisfaction in adolescence: putting indicators for their measurement to the test in Brazil, Chile and Spain

En este estudio se analiza la comparabilidad interlingüística e intercultural del bienestar subjetivo y la satisfacción escolar como componente de dicho bienestar durante la adolescencia, a partir de tres muestras, una de Brasil (n = 1588), una de Chile (n = 843) y una de España (n = 2900), de 12-16 años de edad. Se adoptan como indicadores de bienestar subjetivo dos versiones del personal wellbeing index (PWI) de Cummins, Eckersley, van Pallant, Vugt y Misajon (2003), que lo evalúan por ámbitos, y una escala de ítem único sobre satisfacción general con la vida (overall life satisfaction [OLS]), y como indicadores subjetivos de satisfacción escolar, los seis ítems de satisfacción con distintos aspectos de la vida escolar utilizados por Casas, Baltatescu, Bertrán, González y Hatos (2013). Del PWI se utiliza la versión original (PWI7) y una versión ampliada con diez ítems (PWI10). Ambas versiones del PWI muestran un buen ajuste en los análisis factoriales confirmatorios realizados con las tres muestras agregadas. Mediante análisis de regresión múltiple y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE), se consideran y se discuten distintas opciones para estimar cuál sería el modelo con mejor comparabilidad respecto del bienestar subjetivo entre países al integrar la satisfacción escolar. Del análisis de los resultados, se aprecia que dos de los MEE multigrupo, que incluyen los seis ítems relativos a satisfacciones con aspectos de la vida escolar relacionados con una variable latente, que a su vez se relaciona con las variables latentes PWI7 y PWI10, muestran buena comparabilidad entre países. Los análisis de regresión múltiple indican que el indicador sintético de satisfacción con aspectos de la vida escolar que resulta más útil es "satisfacción con tu vida de estudiante". Cuando se incluye este ítem, las consistencias internas tanto del PWI7 como del PWI10 mejoran y los respectivos MEE multigrupo de estas dos escalas psicométricas muestran que varianzas, covarianzas y regresiones resultan comparables entre los tres países, mientras que no son comparables las medias de sus índices generales, probablemente debido a diferentes estilos de respuesta de los adolescentes de cada país.

This paper studies the inter-linguistic and intercultural comparability of subjective wellbeing during adolescence, as well as school satisfaction as a component of this well-being, using samples of 12 to 16-year-old from Brazil (n=1588), Chile (n=843) and Spain (n=2900). As subjective well-being indicators, two versions of the PWI (Cummins, Eckersley, van Pallant, Vugt, and Misajon, 2003) were adopted, one measuring well-being with different life domains, a single-item scale on overall life satisfaction (OLS). The six items on satisfaction with different facets of the school life, used by Casas et al. (2013), were included as subjective indicators of school satisfaction. The original version of the PWI (PWI7) and a longer version with 10 items (PWI10) are used. Both versions show a good fit in Confirmatory Factor Analysis using the pooled sample. Using multiple regressions analysis and Structural Equations Modelling (SEM), different options are considered and analyzed in order to estimate the most appropriate model to compare subjective wellbeing cross-countries, with school satisfaction included. An analysis of the results indicates that two multi-group SEM, which include the six items on satisfaction with different facets of school life related to a latent variable, and also related to latent variables PWI7 and PWI10, respectively, show good comparability between countries. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the most useful synthetic indicator on satisfaction with school life is satisfaction with your life as student. When this item is included in PWI7 or PWI10, internal consistency of each of the scales (PWI8 and PWI11) improves, and the respective multi-group SEM of these two psychometric scales show that variances, covariances and regressions are comparable between the three studied countries. This was not the case with the overall mean indices, which is probably due to the different answering styles of adolescents in each country.

Perceived motor ability and selection, optimization, and compensation: effects of age and institutionalization / Capacidade motora percebida e seleção, otimização e compensação: efeitos da idade e da institucionalização / Capacidad motora percibida y selección, optimización y compensación: efectos de la edad y de la institucionalización

The authors examined the mediation effect of the perceived motor ability (PMA) on the direct "effects" of age (third vs. fourth age) and residential status (institutionalized vs. communitarians) on selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategies. With a non-probabilistic sample of 107 elders (Mdn = 80 years) from urban areas, and controlled for cognitive impairment and depression, the authors analysed the structural component of the path model with latent constructs that represents those relationships. This was made only after the structural validity of the constructs had been assured. Constructs were operationalized through the PMA questionnaire and a 16-item version of the SOC questionnaire. Only age had direct effects on the constructs: lower PMA and lower SOC of the elders in the fourth age. Authors also verified that the PMA mediation effect was partial.

Neste artigo examinou-se o "efeito" de mediação da capacidade motora percebida (CMP) nos efeitos diretos da idade (terceira vs. quarta idade) e do estatuto residencial (institucionalizados vs. comunitários) sobre estratégias de seleção, otimização e compensação (SOC). Com uma amostra não probabilística de 107 idosos (Mdn = 80 anos) residentes em meio urbano e controlados para demência e depressão, procedeu-se à análise da componente estrutural do modelo de trajetórias com construtos latentes que representa essas relações. Isto só foi feito depois de garantida a validade estrutural dos construtos, operacionalizados através do Questionário de CMP e de uma versão de 16 itens do Questionário SOC. Só a idade teve efeitos diretos sobre os construtos: menor CMP e menor SOC dos idosos na quarta idade. A CMP teve um efeito direto sobre as estratégias SOC: quanto menor CMP, menor SOC. Verificou-se, ainda, que o efeito de mediação da CMP foi parcial.

En este artículo se examinó el "efecto" de mediación de la capacidad motora percibida (CMP) en los efectos directos de la edad (tercera vs. cuarta edad) y del ámbito residencial (institucionalizados vs. comunitarios) sobre estrategias de selección, optimización y compensación (SOC). Con una muestra no probabilística de 107 ancianos (Mdn = 80 años) residentes en medio urbano y controlados para demencia y depresión, se procedió el análisis del componente estructural del modelo de trayectorias con constructos latentes que representan estas relaciones. Eso fue hecho después de garantizada la validez estructural de los constructos, operacionalizados a través del Cuestionario de CMP y de una versión de 16 ítems del Cuestionario SOC. Sólo la edad tuvo efectos directos sobre los constructos: menor CMP y menor SOC de los ancianos en la cuarta edad. La CMP tuvo un efecto directo sobre las estrategias SOC: cuanto menor CMP, menor SOC. Se verificó, aún, que el efecto de mediación de la CMP fue parcial.

Relationship Among Depression, Self-efficacy, and Quality of Life Amoong Students in Medical and Allied Health Sciences

Introduction: This study examined a cognitive model of depression among undergraduate students of medical and allied health sciences. Methods: Participants (N=279) completed a series of questionnaires related to depression (Beck Depression Inventory-Malay), negative cognitions (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Malay), dysfunctional attitude (Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-Malay), stressful life events (Life Events Survey), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy) and quality of life (WHO Quality of Life-BREF). Results: Results of descriptive analysis revealed a higher percentage of severe depression among males when compared to female students. Results of structural equation modeling indicated an adequate fit of the model (X²=21.29, df=15, p>13; GFI=0.97; CFI=0.97; RMSEA=0.4). Conclusion: The findings also indicated the potential roles of self-efficacy in mediating depression. The results are discussed in terms of self-regulating strategies of managing depression and the roles that university authorities may play in helping students to regulate depression.

Becoming a parent: a model of parents' post-partum experience / Tornar-se pai: modelo da experiência dos pais em período pós-natal

Perceiving oneself as parent is a key challenge during the transition to parenthood. The importance of health professionals in determining perceived efficacy in parents upon the birth of their child is few explored. The objective of this study is to analayze the relations between the first time parents' perceived efficacy and their perceptions of nurses' help-giving and critical events during post-partum period. SAMPLE AND METHOD: One hundred sixty couples participated in a correlational study by completing questionaires after the birth of their first child. RESULTS: A model of parents' postpartum experience was established where nurses' collaboration and help-giving practices contribute directly and indirectly to the parents' perception of control and perceptions of events. They contribute indirectly to parent's perceived self-efficacy. IMPLICATIONS: The help given by health professionals, especially nurses, to parents following the birth of a child makes a major positive difference in the parents' experiences.

Perceber-se como pai é um desafio grande na transição para a paternidade. A importância do papel dos profissionais da área da saúde na determinação dessa percepção após o nascimento dos filhos tem sido pouco explorada . O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as relações entre a eficácia percebida por pais primíparos e sua percepção do auxílio recebido das enfermeiras, e dos acontecimentos importantes no período pósparto. AMOSTRAGEM E MÉTODO: 160 casais participaram de um estudo correlacional preenchendo questionários após o nascimento de seu primeiro filho. RESULTADOS: Um modelo da experiência pós-parto foi estabelecido, no qual a colaboração das enfermeiras e seu auxílio contribuíram diretamente e indiretamente para a percepção do controle e dos acontecimentos pelos pais. Elas contribuem indiretamente para a percepção da própria eficácia pelos pais. IMPLICAÇÕES: O auxílio dado pelos profissionais da saúde, principalmente pelas enfermeiras, aos pais após o nascimento de uma criança, faz uma diferença positiva importante nas experiências dos pais.